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Monday, April 29, 2013

What Is Angina?


Angina literally means "choking pain," and angina pectoris refers to a painful or uncomfortable sensation in the chest that occurs when part of the heart does not receive enough oxygen due to disease in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart.
The coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients. The word "coronary" means a crown and is the name given to the arteries that circle the heart like a crown.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common form of heart disease.
Coronary heart disease develops when one or more of the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the heart become narrower than they used to be, due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the wall of the artery, affecting the blood flow to the heart muscle. Without an adequate blood supply, heart muscle tissue can be damaged.
Deposits of cholesterol and other fat-like substances can build up in the inner lining of these blood vessels and become coated with scar tissue, forming a cholesterol-rich bump in the blood vessel wall known as plaque. Plaque buildup narrows and hardens the blood vessel, a process called atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.
Eventually these plaque deposits can build up to significantly reduce or block blood flow to the heart. A person may experience chest pain or discomfort from inadequate blood flow to the heart, especially during exercise when the heart needs more oxygen.
Angina is the body's warning sign that the heart is being overworked. It can be experienced in a variety of ways.
 •Angina usually manifests as a feeling of pain, pressure, or tightness in the middle chest, especially behind the sternum (breastbone).
 •The sensation may spread to the left shoulder, arm, and hand, or to the neck, throat, and jaw.
 •The attack typically lasts for only a few minutes
An attack of angina does not cause permanent damage to the heart muscle. This is the main difference between angina and a heart attack, during which part of the heart muscle suffers permanent damage (unless the new clot-busting drugs are given in time).
Stable versus unstable angina
It is very important to distinguish between two types of angina: stable angina and unstable angina. Both types result from problems within the coronary arteries.
 •Stable angina results from a fixed obstruction of blood flow to the heart. It occurs when there is not enough blood for a fast-pumping heart, but sufficient blood can get through when the heart slows down and the individual is at rest. Stable angina typically is caused by widespread, irregular disease throughout the coronary arteries. The blockages that result may not seriously hinder the flow of blood, and they usually do not damage the heart unless a plaque (atheroma; fatty deposit within a blood vessel) suddenly ruptures.
 •Unstable angina is due to a sudden interruption of blood flow to the heart due to a partial or complete blockage of the artery.Unstable angina comes on when a person is resting, asleep, or undergoes physical exertion (unlike stable angina, which usually comes on with a physical exertion). Symptoms of moderate or severe discomfort suddenly may develop in a person who has never experienced angina before, and attacks may become more frequent or increase in intensity.
Unstable angina can be dangerous, while stable angina generally is less serious. In order to identify which condition is present, a physician looks at when the angina pain occurs:
 •Stable angina usually occurs during physical exertion or emotional stress or excitement. Stable angina doesn't lead to a heart attack in most people.
 •Unstable angina can occur during rest, can awaken a person from sleep, and can appear suddenly during physical exertion. Unstable angina may quickly progress to a heart attack.

Need To Know: About unstable angina
Unstable angina is a much more serious condition than stable angina because it may quickly progress to a heart attack. Some physicians regard unstable angina as a heart attack (until tests prove definitely that it is not a heart attack) because it is difficult to distinguish with early tests whether or not there has been damage to the heart muscle.
In unstable angina, cracks develop in the bulging plaque inside the coronary artery. These cracks, or partial ruptures of the plaque, are called plaque fissuring. It sets off an inflammatory reaction that dissolves the layer of tissue separating the plaque from the flowing blood. When the blood comes into direct contact with the plaque, it begins to form a clot around the damaged plaque.
Three things can happen:
 •The clot gets bigger. Depending on how much of the artery it blocks, it will either cause the pain of angina or develop into a heart attack if it completely blocks the artery.
 •The clot moves to another part of the artery and blocks it, causing a heart attack.
 •The clot may simply be washed away after the crack in the plaque has healed.
What was previously a reasonably "stable" narrowing of the coronary artery has become "unstable," reducing the blood flow through the affected coronary artery and causing symptoms even at rest.
Some interesting facts about unstable angina:
 •The plaques that develop the crack, or rupture, are usually not the same ones that cause the critical narrowing of the coronary arteries.
 •We do not know why a plaque suddenly ruptures.
 •Because the clot that forms is formed by platelets, the treatment initially is to give antiplatelet treatments. This is a very different treatment from the "clot-busters" given for a heart attack.
 •Unstable angina is considered as part of a spectrum called "acute coronary syndrome," which includes unstable angina and heart attack (known as myocardial infarction, either q-wave or non-q-wave types). What these conditions have in common is that symptoms result from rupture or erosion of a clot with obstruction of the coronary artery.
 •A heart attack (known as a q-wave myocardial infarction) generally results from a more extensive rupture of a plaque, in which the whole clotting system, not just platelets, becomes involved. The treatment then uses "clot-busters" (called thrombolytics), which are very different drugs from antiplatelet drugs used for unstable angina.
It is vitally important for the doctor to make the distinction between stable angina, unstable angina, and a heart attack. This cannot always be done immediately.
Angina may occur during everyday activities such as:
 •Rapid walking or running
 •Lifting or carrying a weight
 •Becoming angry or excited
 •Shoveling snow
 •Physical stress after eating (when food is still being digested)
 •Sexual intercourse (rarely)
The sensation of stable angina usually wears off after the angina-causing activity ends. Attacks typically last for only a few minutes. Symptoms may be worse in cold weather.
Because the sensation of angina is alarming, many people believe they are having a heart attack the first time they experience it. But stable angina is NOT a heart attack. In fact, most people with stable angina respond well to modern treatments and live full lives for many years - if they follow their physician's advice, take medication as prescribed, and learn to look after their hearts.
Although angina therapy is better than ever before, successful treatment depends upon close cooperation between the individual and the healthcare team. The person with angina must assume a lifestyle that minimizes the risk of further heart trouble.


Friday, April 26, 2013

20 PEOPLE WHO CHANGED INTERNET







The world has become tightly connected since the internet. The web itself has replaced the practice of reading newspaper.Most of us now communicate through e-mails instead of paper and pen. 

We now watch networks or movies online, it has even become a wide business venture, so much so we can now make purchase and pay our bills through the internet. The web has also transformed friendships through various social media. It also provides us the possibility to reconnect with people from our childhood and it can be a life changing event.
Having a great idea is one thing. Turning that idea into a booming company through innovation and execution is what that matters most. 


Here, these are the people who have the biggest impact on the direction of the web: past, present, and future.


They changed the internet and revolutionized the way we lead our lives today. Just imagine the world without internet. You can't because it has become our daily life.
  

1. Vint Cerf And Bob Kahn - Father of the Internet.
The Father of Internet, Vint Cerf, together with Bob Kahn, created the TCP/IP suite of communication protocols, a language used by computers to talk to each other in a network. Vint Cerf once said that the internet is just a mirror of the population and spam is a side effect of a free service.



2. Tim Berners-Lee - Inventor of WWW
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. He wrote the first web client and server and designed a way to create links, or hypertext, amid different pieces of online information. He now maintains standards for the web and continues to refine its design as a director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). 



3. Ray Tomlinson - Father of Email
Programmer Ray Tomlinson, the Father of Email, made it possible to exchange messages between machines in diverse locations; between universities, across continents, and oceans. He came up with the "@" symbol format for e-mail addresses. Today, more than a billion people around the world type @ sign every day.



4. Michael Hart - The birth of eBooks
 Michael Hart started the birth of eBooks and breaks down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy. He created the Project Gutenberg and was considered world's first electronic library that changed the way we read. The collection includes public domain works and copyrighted works with express permission.





5. Gary Thuerk - The first Email spam
Spamming is an old marketing technique. Gary Thuerk, sent his first mass e-mailing to customers over the Arpanet for Digital's new T-series of VAX systems. What he didn't realize at the time was that he had sent the worlds' first spam.



6. Scott Fahlman - The first emoticon
Scott Fahlman is credited with originating the first ASCII-based smiley emoticon, which he thought would help to distinguish between posts that should be taken humorously and those of a more serious nature. Now, everybody uses them in messenger programs, chat rooms, and e-mail.






7. Marc Andreessen - Netscape Navigator
Marc Andreessen revolutionized Internet navigation. He came up with first widely used Web browser called Mosaic which was later commercialised as the Netscape Navigator. Marc Andreessen is also co-founder and chairman of Ning and an investor in several start ups including Digg, Plazes, and Twitter.






8. Jarkko Oikarinen - Internet Relay Chat, IRC
Jarkko Oikarinen developed the first real-time online chat tool in Finland known as Internet Relay Chat. IRC's fame took off in 1991. When Iraq invaded Kuwait and radio and TV signals were shut down, thanks to IRC, though, up-to-date information was able to distribute.





9. Robert Tappan Morris - First Worm Virus
The concept of a worm virus is unique compared to the conventional hacking.
Instead of getting into a network themselves, they send a small program

they have coded to do the job. From this concept, Robert Tappan Morris created the Morris Worm. It's one of the very first worm viruses to be sent out over the internet that inadvertently caused many thousands of dollars worth of damage and "loss of productivity" when it was released in the late 80s.




 10. David Bohnett - Geocities
David Bohnett founded GeoCities in 1994, together with John Rezner. It grew to become the largest community on the Internet. He pioneered and championed the concept of providing free home pages to everyone on the web. The company shut down the service on October 27, 2009.






11. Ward Cunningham - The first Wiki.
American programmer, Ward Cunningham, developed the first wiki as a way to let people collaborate, create and edit online pages together. Cunningham named the wiki after the Hawaiian word for "quick."






12. Sabeer Bhatia - Hotmail.
Sabeer Bhatia founded Hotmail in which the uppercase letters spelling out HTM - the language used to write the base of a webpage. He got in the news when he sold the free e-mailing service, Hotmail to Microsoft, for $400 million. He was awarded the "Entrepreneur of the Year" by Draper Fisher Jurvertson in 1998 and was noted by TIME as one of the "People to Watch" in international business in 2002. His most exciting acquisition of 2009 was Jaxtyr which he believes is set to overtake Skype in terms of free global calling.




13. Matt Drudge - The Drudge Report.
Matt Drudge started the news aggregation website The Drudge Report. It gained popularity when he was the first outlet to break the news that later became the Monica Lewinsky scandal.






14. Larry Page and Sergey Brin - Google (wikipedia)
Larry Page and Sergey Brin changed the way we search and use the Internet.
They worked as a seamless team at the top of the search giant. Their company grew rapidly every year since it began. Page and Brin started with their own funds, but, the site quickly outgrew their own existing resources. They later obtained private investments through Stanford. Larry Page, Sergey Brin and their company Google, continue to favor engineering over business.






15. Bill Gates - Microsoft
Bill Gates founded the software company called "Micro-Soft," a combination of "microcomputer software." 
Later on, Bill Gates developed a new GUI (Graphical User Interface) for a disk operating system. He called this new style Windows. He has all but accomplished his famous mission statement, to put "a computer on every desk and in every home," at least, in developed countries.






16. Steve Jobs - Apple
Steve Jobs innovative idea of a personal computer led him into revolutionizing the computer hardware and software industry. The Apple founder changed the way we work, play and communicate. He made simple and uncluttered web design stylish. 
The story of Apple and Steve Jobs is about determination, creative genius, pursuit of innovation with passion and purpose.





18. Brad Fitzpatrick - LiveJournal
Brad Fitzpatrick created LiveJournal, one of the earliest blogging platforms.

He is seen on the Internet under the nickname bradfitz. He is also the author of a variety of free software projects such as memcached, used on LiveJournal, Facebook and YouTube.LiveJournal continues today as an online community where people can share updates on their lives via diaries and blogs.Members connect by creating a "friends list" that links to their pals' recent entries.




19. Shawn Fanning - Napster
Shawn Fanning developed Napster, a peer-to-peer file-sharing program designed to let music fans find and trade music. Users put whatever files they were willing to share with others into special directories on their hard drives. The service had more than 25 million users at its peak in 2001, and was shut down after a series of high-profile lawsuits, not before helping to spark the digital music revolution now dominated by Apple. Napster has since been rebranded and acquired by Roxio.




20. Peter Thiel - Paypal.
Peter Thiel is one of many Web luminaries associated with PayPal. PayPal had enabled people to transfer money to each other instantly. PayPal began giving a small group of developers access to its code, allowing them to work with its super-sophisticated transaction framework. Peter Thiel cofounded PayPal at age 31 and sold it to eBay four years later for $1.5 billion.



Wednesday, April 17, 2013

How To Treat Migraine



Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent moderate to severe headaches often in association with a number of autonomic nervous system symptoms. The word derives from the Greek ἡμικρανία (hemikrania), "pain on one side of the head",from ἡμι- (hemi-), "half", and κρανίον (kranion), "skull".
Typically the headache is unilateral (affecting one half of the head) and pulsating in nature, lasting from 2 to 72 hours. Associated symptoms may include nauseavomiting,photophobia (increased sensitivity to light), phonophobia (increased sensitivity to sound) and the pain is generally aggravated by physical activity.
 Up to one-third of people with migraine headaches perceive an aura: a transient visual, sensory, language, or motor disturbance which signals that the headache will soon occur. Occasionally an aura can occur with little or no headache following it.
Migraines are believed to be due to a mixture of environmental and genetic factors.About two-thirds of cases run in families. Fluctuating hormone levels may also play a role: migraine affects slightly more boys than girls before puberty, but about two to three times more women than men.
 Propensity for migraines usually decreases during pregnancy. The exact mechanisms of migraine are not known. It is, however, believed to be a neurovascular disorder.The primary theory is related to increased excitability of the cerebral cortex and abnormal control of pain neurons in the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem.

About two thirds of migraine sufferers cannot function at a normal level when they get a migraine attack. You should see a doctor if your headaches interfere with work or family life, if headaches are getting worse, or if you take medication on a daily basis for headache.

Below are simple solutions to ease your migraine pain, but are not intended as substitutes for the advice of a doctor.


Get Some Rest

  1. 1
    Get a good night's sleep. Changes in sleep patterns, changing work schedules and jet lag can affect the quality of sleep cycles and trigger migraines. Try to maintain a regular sleep schedule. Get up and go to bed at the same time every day if possible.
  2. 2
    Keep the room dark. Be sure to rest in a dark room. Light sometimes aggravates migraine symptoms.
  3. 3
    Try not to sleep late. Though it might seem like a reward to relax and sleep in, giving yourself that letdown after stress is a common trigger because it affects your sleep patterns. If you really must sleep late on the weekends, try sleeping with a tiny bit of your window open to let air in.

Food And Drink

  1. 1
    Take caffeine. It's a paradox of headaches: ingest too much caffeine and you may get a headache, but take a little bit and it can help make the pain disappear. Studies have shown that aspirin and ibuprofen are more effective when combined with caffeine. So if you take aspirin or ibuprofen at the onset of a migraine, wash it down with a cup of coffee.
  2. 2
    Don't skip meals. Skipping meals can trigger a migraine attack. If you can, eat smaller meals throughout the day or be sure to eat three meals.
  3. 3
    Take note of what you eat. Certain foods and drinks triggers a migraine attack in about 10 percent of migraine sufferers. It can take from 30 minutes to 12 hours for a food to cause a reaction. If you get a migraine, think back to what you ate in that time frame and try eliminating some of those foods from your diet. Some examples of common triggers include chocolate and red wine.
  4. 4
    Spice it up. The hot ingredient in red pepper, capsaicin, is a terrific painkiller and may help those who have migraines feel better during an attack. You do not need to include red pepper in all your meals. You can buy cayenne pepper capsules in health food stores.
  5. 5
    Use chicken broth. This is a great tool if you suffer from vomiting symptoms during your migraines. Take out the can, turn it right-side up, open it and pour out the broth. Chicken broth replaces needed electrolytes and helps relieve the vomiting symptoms and general weakness associated with migraines.

Other Treatments

  1. 1
    Ice packs. Lie down and put an ice pack or cold compress on your head. Close your eyes while doing that.
  2. 2
    Ice water. Soak one or both of your hands in ice water for as long as you can tolerate it.While your hands are in the water, ball them into fists and open and close them repeatedly. It can have the same effect as a compress on your head.
  3. 3
    Take riboflavin. Studies have shown that taking 400 milligrams a day of riboflavin can help eliminate migraines.
  4. 4
    Take a bath with the lights off. Soak yourself face down (don't forget to come up for air) and just try and relax your body.
  5. 5
    Over the counter medications. Tylenol and Ibuprofen may often be effective in treating low-level migraines. It often helps if you're able to sleep directly after taking these medications.
  6. 6
    Check your progesterone levels. In some cases, low levels of the hormone progesterone appear to increase the frequency and severity of migraines. If you are a woman, and your migraines occur more often in the 2 weeks before menses, ask your doctor to check your progesterone levels (note: many doctors are unaware of this link, but if your levels are found to be low, they may be willing to prescribe supplementation).
  7. 7
    Use acupressure to momentarily relieve pain. tap three times on your temple, your shoulder and then the inside of your wrist. Repeat.
  8. 8
    See your doctor. If your symptoms remain the same or get increasingly worse, your doctor may want to give you a prescription migraine medication or try other forms of treatment.

Coutesy:http://www.wikihow.com/Treat-a-Migraine